Displacement of pacemaker leads due
to twisting of the box on part of the
patient is called
Twiddler’s syndrome, first described
in 1968 (Nicholson et al.,
2003).Twiddler syndrome
that causes device malfunction is a
rare complication in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) (Fahraeus
& Höijer, 2003). Twisting of the pulse generator
within the device pocket may cause
the dislocation of the lead, diaphragmatic stimulation,
and loss of capture (Figure 7). The
prevelance of this syndrome is 0.07%
(Gungor et al.,
2009). Classically, Twiddler syndrome
occurs in obese women with loose, fatty
subcutaneous tissue and is
characterized by rotate on of pulse generator on its long axis with subsequent coiling of pacemaker leads (Bhatia
et al., 2007). Other risk factors are mental disorders, female sex, and the small size of the
implanted generator with a large pocket (Cardall
et al., 1999). This disorder may induce lead dislodgement or lead fracture and
cause life-threatening symptoms in case
of pacemaker dependency. When the pulse generator is rotated along the transverse axis it is
referred by us as the Reel syndrome, a variant of Twiddler syndrome (Camero-Varo et al., 1990).
In Twiddler syndrome,
electrocardiography shows failure of capture and the chest
radiography reveals the dislodged
and twisted leads (Pereira et al.,
1999). Hypoperfusion symptoms such as
fatigue, tiredness, confusion, presyncope, and syncope may be obse
rved (Cardall et al., 1999). If the problem has
occured because of pacemaker migration or poorly fashioned pacemaker pocket, the pocket should
be revised. As an inappropriate ICD
therapy may be proarrhythmic and may
lead to sudden cardiac death, Twiddler syndrome
should be considered in patients
with ICD who had resistant ventricular
arrhythmias and
abdominal pulsation. To avoid this
life-threatening complication of ICD implantation, we
should take care to limit the pocket
size, suture the device to the fascia, and instruct the
patients not to manipulate their
device pockets.
Pacemaker Twiddler syndrome. Postero-anterior
and lateral chest X-ray showing
displacement of both leads,
especially the ventricle one, retracted and floating in the right
atrium (arrows).
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